The igneous and closely related metamorphic rocks

The igneous and closely related metamorphic rocks contain only a relatively small proportion of the total number of known minerals, but they form, nevertheless, by far the greater part of the earth’s crust. It is estimated that they make up about 95 per cent of the volume of the upper 10 miles of the crust.

The crystallisation of magma into plutonic rocks at depth takes place in a number of fairly well defined stages. The earliest minerals to crystallise are those with the highest melting point. These include minerals containing the elements titanium, phosphorus, chromium, vanadium, platinum and other elements related to platinum. The most important minerals in this class are magnetite, titaniferous magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, chromite, spinel and native platinum. Titanium ores are

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